Permeability of Uniformly Graded 3D Printed Granular Media

The present work explores water permeability of uniformly graded irregular grains using 3D printing with controlled shapes and fractal morphological features at low Reynold's number for viscous flow. From large amount real granular data, a scaling law, in terms dimension, is found to be followed. With this universal sand are generated Spherical Harmonics, then created technique tests. A modified Kozeny-Carman equation proposed through more accurate determination specific area, as function relative roughness than approximation the volume-equivalent sphere. By isolating contributions from shape coefficient insensitive particle morphology. Through benchmarking model prediction against experiments both past literature, we demonstrate validity wide applicability equation.